Dacryoadenitis

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Article initiated by:

Zachary Koretz, MD, MPH

All contributors:

Gangadhara Sundar, MD, Zachary Koretz, MD, MPH, Michael T Yen, MD, Shannon S. Joseph, M.D.

Assigned editor:

Shannon S. Joseph, M.D.

Review:

Assigned status Update Pending

 by Shannon S. Joseph, M.D. on May 10, 2024.

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Disease

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, either the main or the accessory lacrimal gland, is called dacryoadenitis. Not infrequently, this may be a sign of more sinister pathology underlying the inflammation.

Etiology

Inflammation may result from infections, most commonly viral, but may also be of bacterial and rarely fungal and parasitic etiology. Other causes of inflammation include autoimmune disorders such as Thyroid Eye Disease, Sjogren's syndrome, IgG4 related disease, etc. The most common infectious etiology for dacryoadenitis is viral, with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common viral cause. Less common viral causes include adenovirus, varicella zoster, herpes simplex, rhinovirus, cytomegalovirus or mumps.

Bacterial causes include Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as well as Streptococcus species. In endemic risk areas, tuberculous infections and abscesses have also been reported.

Besides infection, other etiologies include inflammatory causes such as non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI), IGG4-related disease, or sarcoidosis, or neoplastic causes such as lymphoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or pleomorphic adenoma.

Risk Factors

Potential risk factors include exposure to viral or bacterial agents or the presence of autoimmune disorders including Sjögren's syndrome, sarcoidosis or IgG4-related disease.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

Symptoms of dacryoadenitis include pain in the superolateral orbit, pain with eye movements, droopy upper eyelid or difficulty opening the affected eye, redness of the eye, and occasionally double vision especially in up gaze or lateral gaze.

Signs

Right-sided dacryoadenitis in a young man.

Signs of dacryoadenitis include tenderness, edema, erythema or induration overlying the superolateral orbit, lid ptosis, conjunctival injection with or without chemosis, regional lymphadenopathy, proptosis, limitation of ocular motility and rarely visual loss. Fever and malaise may be present.

Diagnostic procedures

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbits will typically demonstrate enlargement of the affected lacrimal gland with enhancement. There may be associated fat stranding with contiguous involvement of the lateral rectus and /or superior rectus/levator muscle complex.

If sarcoidosis or other specific orbital inflammatory disorders are suspected, a chest radiograph is a reasonable screening tool to evaluate for lymphadenopathy or pulmonary disease.

In children and in adults with persistent/recurrent symptoms, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the orbits may also be considered.

Laboratory tests

Although there are no specific laboratory tests for dacryoadenitis, depending on the clinical context, it may be of use to obtain a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and/or C-reactive protein (CRP) level to evaluate for leukocytosis and systemic inflammatory response. If secondary to overlying viral conjunctivitis, a conjunctival swab for PCR or cultures may be considered.If autoimmune etiology is suspected, additional labs could include antinuclear antibody (ANA) screen, SS-A/SS-B antibodies, and serum IgG4 level may be requested. In less severe cases when Thyroid Eye Disease is suspected, a thyroid function test panel with autoimmune antibodies may also be requested.

Management

Medical therapy

Depending on the severity of the presentation, therapy could include observation and symptomatic treatment for viral dacryoadenitis. Bacterial dacryoadenitis will require systemic broad spectrum antibiotics and, when indicated, abscess drainage. Oral corticosteroids may be considered especially in idiopathic dacryoadenitis. Refractory cases may benefit from orbital radiation or systemic therapy such as rituximab or methotrexate. Biopsy for tissue diagnosis should be considered if concerned for atypical infections or for refractory disease.

Follow up

Close follow up is warranted if there are orbital signs including decreased visual acuity, pain with eye movements, relative afferent pupillary defect, or abnormal color vision.

Surgery

Although typically reserved for severe or recurrent cases, a trans-septal or trans-conjunctival biopsy of the lacrimal gland may be of diagnostic value if the etiology is in question. A detailed histopathologic assessment of the tissue obtained for specific orbital inflammatory disease such as sarcoidosis, IgG4-related disease and for tumors should be performed. When an abscess is suspected clinically or radiologically, drainage should be performed with material sent for stains and microscopy including staining and culturing for acid-fast bacilli.

Complications

The most common complications arise from misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of specific lacrimal gland inflammatory or neoplastic pathology. There is limited data on complications of viral dacryoadenitis, however one case series reported ptosis affecting some patients, as well as a measurable (but clinically insignificant) decrease in tear production. When clinical behavior and response is inconsistent with typical clinical course or biopsy non-contributory, a repeat biopsy including representative tissue should be considered.

Prognosis

The prognosis of dacryoadenitis is generally good, with variability depending on the etiology. Viral dacryoadenitis is typically a self-limited disease, whereas idiopathic dacryoadenitis is more heterogeneous. One case series of 79 patients reported poor response to treatment in 37% of patients with idiopathic dacryoadenitis, and recurrent disease in 15% of the patients. The same series found that male sex and inflammation extending to an extraocular muscle were risk factors for incomplete treatment response, and that patients with bilateral dacryoadenitis had an increased risk of recurrent disease.

Additional Resources

Rhem MN, Wilhelmus KR, Jones DB. Epstein-barr virus dacryoadenitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:372-5.

Foster WJ Jr, Kraus MD, Custer PL. Herpes simplex virus dacryoadenitis in an immunocompromised patient. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:911-3.

Obata H, Yamagami S, Saito S, et al. A case of acute dacryoadenitis associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2003;47:107-9.

Galpine JF, Walkowski J. A case of mumps with involvement of the lacrimal glands. Br Med J 1952;1(4767):1069-70.

Kiratli H, Sekeroglu MA, Soylemezoglu F. Unilateral dacryoadenitis as the sole presenting sign of Wegener's granulomatosis. Orbit 2008;27(3):157-60.

Dutt S, Cartwright MJ, Nelson CC. Acute dacryoadenitis and crohn's disease: Findings and management. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;8(4):295-9.

Witmer, M. (2009, August 13). Unraveling the Difficult Diagnosis of Dacryoadenitis. Retrieved from https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/unraveling-the-difficult-diagnosis-of-dacryoadenitis