Cataract Surgery Complications: Difference between revisions
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{{Article | {{Article | ||
|Authors=Jessica.randolph | |Authors=Jessica.randolph | ||
|Additional contributors=Kelly.Miller,Jamie.choi | |Additional contributors=Kelly.Miller, Jamie.choi | ||
|Category=Cataract/Anterior Segment | |Category=Cataract/Anterior Segment | ||
|Date reviewed= | |Assigned editor=Michael.Wildes | ||
|Reviewer=Michael.Wildes | |||
|Date reviewed=January 22, 2025 | |||
|Article status=Up to Date | |||
|Meta description=cataract surgery complications | |Meta description=cataract surgery complications | ||
}} | }} | ||
== | = Disease Entity<small><sup><ref name="stein1">Stein, JD. Serious adverse events after cataract surgery. ''Current Opinion in Ophthalmology.'' 2012; 23(3): 219-225. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283524068</ref></sup></small> = | ||
Cataract surgery dates back to the 1700s. With new advancements in technology, infectious disease control, and equipment, there are fewer postoperative adverse events following the procedure. However, complications still do occur both intraoperatively and postoperatively. The current goal of cataract surgery is to remove the cataract and replace it with an intraocular lens, which is typically placed in the capsular bag of the posterior chamber. | |||
As with any surgical procedure there are risks associated with operation and the postoperative state. Listed below are general factors that increase the risk of complications with cataract surgery. | |||
== Risk Factors == | |||
Risk factors associated with worse visual outcomes<ref name="gaskin6">Gaskin GL, Pershing S, Cole TS, Shah NH. Predictive modeling of risk factors and complications of cataract surgery. ''European Journal of Ophthalmology''. 2016; 26(4):328-337. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000706</ref> | |||
* Age-related macular degeneration | |||
Age-related macular degeneration | * Diabetic retinopathy | ||
Diabetic | * Retinal vein occlusion | ||
Corneal opacity/pathology | * Corneal opacity/pathology/Endothelial dystrophies including Fuchs endothelial dystrophy | ||
Older | * Optic nerve pathologies including glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, | ||
* Older age | |||
Previous | * Previous vitrectomy | ||
Previous retinal | * Previous retinal detachment | ||
Alpha | * Alpha blockade | ||
Intraoperative | * Intraoperative complications | ||
= Complications = | |||
Complications can range from immediate to delayed complications following the procedure. Some immediate complications are a result of having the surgical procedure. These include discomfort, bruising and swelling of the eyelid, increased intraocular pressure, and allergic reaction to the steroid or antibiotic drop | Complications can range from immediate to delayed complications following the procedure. Some immediate complications are a result of having the surgical procedure. These include discomfort, bruising and swelling of the eyelid, increased intraocular pressure, and allergic reaction to the steroid or antibiotic drop.<ref name="astbury7">Astbury N, Nyamai LA. Detecting and managing complications in cataract patients. ''Community Eye Health''. 2016; 29(94):27-29. PMCID: PMC5100470</ref> These complications are monitored over time, following surgery. If there is progression to pain, decrease in vision, or any discharge from the eye, patients are advised to seek medical attention. | ||
A long-term consequence of cataract surgery is posterior capsular opacification (PCO). PCO is the most common complication of cataract surgery | A long-term consequence of cataract surgery is posterior capsular opacification (PCO). PCO is the most common complication of cataract surgery.<ref name="wormstone2">Wormstone IM, Wang L, Liu CS. Posterior capsule opacification. ''Experimental Eye Research''. 2009; 88(2): 257-269. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.016.</ref> PCO can begin to form at any point following cataract surgery. Modern cataract surgery creates a capsular bag that contains part of the anterior, the entire posterior capsule, and the implanted intraocular lens. In the remaining anterior capsule, epithelial cells remain despite the surgical trauma. These epithelial cells will begin to settle on the anterior capsule and colonize the posterior capsule. The cells will continue to divide and begin to alter the lens matrix and therefore the refraction of the lens. PCO can successfully be treated with YAG laser capsulotomy, which will provide almost immediate improvement in vision. | ||
Complications discussed below can be immediate complications but are more severe than those previously mentioned. | Complications discussed below can be immediate complications, but they are more severe than those previously mentioned. | ||
==Posterior | ==[[Posterior Capsular Rent|Posterior capsule rupture]]/vitreous loss<sup><ref name="zare5">Zare M, et. al. Risk factors for posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss during phacoemulsification. ''Ophthalmic and Vision Research''. 2009; 4(4): 208-212.</ref><ref name="henderson9">Henderson BA, Pineda R, Chen SH. ''Essentials of Cataract Surgery''. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2014.</ref></sup>== | ||
Due to the nature of cataract surgery, posterior capsule tears may occur at any point during the operation. The capsulotomy step of the surgery is the most crucial, not only to create an opening to access the nucleus of the lens, but also due to the associated high risks if improperly performed. Loss of the vitreous due to capsular rupture can lead to severe visual disability and other complications previously mentioned such as retinal detachment. Risk factors that contribute to increased likelihood of vitreous loss include deep-set eyes, narrow palpebral fissures, high myopia, glaucoma, previous pars plana vitrectomy and a previous history of vitreous loss. Systemic risk factors include Marfan syndrome, morbid obesity, hypertension and diabetes. | Due to the nature of cataract surgery, posterior capsule tears may occur at any point during the operation. The capsulotomy step of the surgery is the most crucial, not only to create an opening to access the nucleus of the lens, but also due to the associated high risks if improperly performed. Loss of the vitreous due to capsular rupture can lead to severe visual disability and other complications previously mentioned, such as retinal detachment. Risk factors that contribute to an increased likelihood of vitreous loss include having deep-set eyes, small pupils, hard cataract, pseudoexfoliation, narrow palpebral fissures, high myopia, glaucoma, previous pars plana vitrectomy, and a previous history of vitreous loss. Systemic risk factors include Marfan syndrome, morbid obesity, hypertension and diabetes. | ||
There are several intraoperative signs that suggest that the posterior capsule has been broken: | |||
* deepening of the anterior chamber, | |||
* sudden appearance of an area of the posterior capsule that appears "too clear," | |||
* difficulty in rotating the lens matter, | |||
* loss of followability of lens matter, | |||
* absence of lens material that has not yet been removed, | |||
* tilting of the lens matter towards vitreous cavity, | |||
* the ocular viscosurgical devces or lens matters may be seen to be going to the vitreous through an open posterior capsule, | |||
* vitreous in the phaco or aspiration tip (sound of occlusion when phaco tip is not visibly occluded), or | |||
* movement of the lens away from the phaco tip. | |||
Rupture of the posterior capsule can lead to other secondary complications of cataract surgery. Early recognition is vital to preventing further damage. Secondary complications can include cystoid macular edema, retinal tears/detachment, glaucoma, corneal decompensation, endophthalmitis, retained lens material, prolonged postoperative inflammation, prolonged case time, and patient discomfort. | |||
== | ==[[Cystoid Macular Edema|Cystoid macular edema]]<sup><ref name="henderson9" /></sup>== | ||
CME is the most frequent complication after an uncomplicated cataract surgery. Its peak incidence is about 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula is the standard method for diagnosis and monitoring of CME, though fluorescein angiography is considered the gold standard. With modern phacoemulsification techniques, CME occurs in about 1% to 2% of cataract surgery. It results from an increased permeability of perifoveal capillaries and disruption of the blood-ocular barrier, allowing for the formation of cystoid spaces in the Henle fiber layer and outer plexiform layers to absorb and hold fluid. Fluid collection places mechanical stress on the Müller cells, which manifest as decreased central vision and scotoma in the patient. | |||
Jacobs DS. UpToDate.com. Cataract in adults. | ==[[Endophthalmitis]]<sup><ref name="stein1" /><ref name="yorsteon4">Yorsteon D. Cataract complications. ''Community Eye Health''. 2008; 21(65):1-3. PMCID: PMC2377378</ref></sup>== | ||
Endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery involving microorganisms that gain entry into the eye. Risk factors for the development of endophthalmitis include rupture of the posterior capsule or the need for anterior vitrectomy during the procedure, age greater than 85 years, presence of blepharitis, poor eyelid hygiene, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and male sex.<ref>Hatch WV, Cernat G, Wong D, Devenyi R, Bell CM. Risk factors for acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Mar;116(3):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.039. Epub 2008 Dec 16. PMID: 19091417.</ref> Higher rates of endophthalmitis were found in patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction, compared to extracapsular cataract extraction. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common infectious organism, since it is native to the eyelid, skin, and conjunctiva and can seed the eye during the procedure. | |||
==Vitreous/suprachoroidal hemorrhage== | |||
Hemorrhage is a sight-threatening complication that is often associated with incisional intraocular surgery. Risk factors determined for hemorrhage include myopia, glaucoma, diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and hypertension. | |||
Daien V, et. al. Effectiveness and Safety of an Intracameral Injection of Cefuroxime for the Prevention of Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery With or Without Perioperative Capsular Rupture. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2016 2016;134(7):810-816. | |||
==Retinal tears/detachment<sup><ref name="jacobs3">Jacobs DS. UpToDate.com. Cataract in adults.</ref></sup>== | |||
Retinal detachment is considered a delayed complication of cataract surgery. Those who have highly myopic eyes or a history of retinopathy of prematurity, and who develop early cataracts are at an increased risk of retinal detachment following surgery. Retinal detachment risk is also increased in patients who have received YAG laser capsulotomy following surgery and development of PCO. | |||
==Lens dislocation<sup><ref name="kim10">Kim SS, Smiddy WE, Feuer W, Shi W. Management of Dislocated Intraocular Lenses. ''Ophthalmology''. 2008;115(10):1699-1704. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.04.016.</ref></sup>== | |||
Although rare, IOL dislocation is another principal complication following cataract surgery. Improvements in the foldable IOL design have decreased the incidence of postoperative dislocation. Inadequate capsular support is the main cause of lens dislocation and typically occurs early in the postoperative period. However, late, “in-the-bag” dislocations can occur from progressive zonular dehiscence many months after uncomplicated surgery. Management involves IOL repositioning with or without scleral fixation sutures, or replacement with an anterior chamber IOL. | |||
=Management= | |||
Management of the complications follows the medical guidelines for the management of the injury and illnesses listed above in the setting without cataract surgery involvement. The main area of management is in prevention of complications. However, in the setting of a ruptured posterior capsule, surgical measures are taken not only to complete the case but also to minimize trauma to the retina. An anterior vitrectomy may be required to manage vitreous prolapse while preserving the remaining capsule for lens implantation. Assistance from a retina specialist may be required. A posterior chamber intraocular lens may no longer be feasible for the patient, but other options include a capsule-supported sulcus IOL, anterior chamber IOL, or an iris-sutured or scleral-sutured sulcus IOL.<ref name="henderson9" /> New research has also looked into the prevention of endophthalmitis with an intracameral injection of cefuroxime or moxifloxacin following a cataract procedure.<ref name="daien8">Daien V, et. al. Effectiveness and Safety of an Intracameral Injection of Cefuroxime for the Prevention of Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery With or Without Perioperative Capsular Rupture. ''JAMA Ophthalmology''. 2016 2016;134(7):810-816.</ref> New technology continues to innovate surgical procedures that can further improve safety and prevention measures for surgical complications. | |||
=Additional Resources= | |||
*https://eyewiki.org/Endophthalmitis_Following_Cataract_Surgery%3A_Prophylaxis_and_Treatment | |||
*https://eyewiki.aao.org/Cataract#Surgical_Treatment | |||
*https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-cataract-surgery | |||
*https://eyewiki.aao.org/High_Myopia_and_Cataract_Surgery | |||
*https://eyewiki.aao.org/Posterior_capsule_opacification | |||
=References= | |||
<references /> | |||
Latest revision as of 15:59, March 26, 2025
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Disease Entity[1]
Cataract surgery dates back to the 1700s. With new advancements in technology, infectious disease control, and equipment, there are fewer postoperative adverse events following the procedure. However, complications still do occur both intraoperatively and postoperatively. The current goal of cataract surgery is to remove the cataract and replace it with an intraocular lens, which is typically placed in the capsular bag of the posterior chamber.
As with any surgical procedure there are risks associated with operation and the postoperative state. Listed below are general factors that increase the risk of complications with cataract surgery.
Risk Factors
Risk factors associated with worse visual outcomes[2]
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Retinal vein occlusion
- Corneal opacity/pathology/Endothelial dystrophies including Fuchs endothelial dystrophy
- Optic nerve pathologies including glaucoma and other optic neuropathies,
- Older age
- Previous vitrectomy
- Previous retinal detachment
- Alpha blockade
- Intraoperative complications
Complications
Complications can range from immediate to delayed complications following the procedure. Some immediate complications are a result of having the surgical procedure. These include discomfort, bruising and swelling of the eyelid, increased intraocular pressure, and allergic reaction to the steroid or antibiotic drop.[3] These complications are monitored over time, following surgery. If there is progression to pain, decrease in vision, or any discharge from the eye, patients are advised to seek medical attention.
A long-term consequence of cataract surgery is posterior capsular opacification (PCO). PCO is the most common complication of cataract surgery.[4] PCO can begin to form at any point following cataract surgery. Modern cataract surgery creates a capsular bag that contains part of the anterior, the entire posterior capsule, and the implanted intraocular lens. In the remaining anterior capsule, epithelial cells remain despite the surgical trauma. These epithelial cells will begin to settle on the anterior capsule and colonize the posterior capsule. The cells will continue to divide and begin to alter the lens matrix and therefore the refraction of the lens. PCO can successfully be treated with YAG laser capsulotomy, which will provide almost immediate improvement in vision.
Complications discussed below can be immediate complications, but they are more severe than those previously mentioned.
Posterior capsule rupture/vitreous loss[5][6]
Due to the nature of cataract surgery, posterior capsule tears may occur at any point during the operation. The capsulotomy step of the surgery is the most crucial, not only to create an opening to access the nucleus of the lens, but also due to the associated high risks if improperly performed. Loss of the vitreous due to capsular rupture can lead to severe visual disability and other complications previously mentioned, such as retinal detachment. Risk factors that contribute to an increased likelihood of vitreous loss include having deep-set eyes, small pupils, hard cataract, pseudoexfoliation, narrow palpebral fissures, high myopia, glaucoma, previous pars plana vitrectomy, and a previous history of vitreous loss. Systemic risk factors include Marfan syndrome, morbid obesity, hypertension and diabetes.
There are several intraoperative signs that suggest that the posterior capsule has been broken:
- deepening of the anterior chamber,
- sudden appearance of an area of the posterior capsule that appears "too clear,"
- difficulty in rotating the lens matter,
- loss of followability of lens matter,
- absence of lens material that has not yet been removed,
- tilting of the lens matter towards vitreous cavity,
- the ocular viscosurgical devces or lens matters may be seen to be going to the vitreous through an open posterior capsule,
- vitreous in the phaco or aspiration tip (sound of occlusion when phaco tip is not visibly occluded), or
- movement of the lens away from the phaco tip.
Rupture of the posterior capsule can lead to other secondary complications of cataract surgery. Early recognition is vital to preventing further damage. Secondary complications can include cystoid macular edema, retinal tears/detachment, glaucoma, corneal decompensation, endophthalmitis, retained lens material, prolonged postoperative inflammation, prolonged case time, and patient discomfort.
Cystoid macular edema[6]
CME is the most frequent complication after an uncomplicated cataract surgery. Its peak incidence is about 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula is the standard method for diagnosis and monitoring of CME, though fluorescein angiography is considered the gold standard. With modern phacoemulsification techniques, CME occurs in about 1% to 2% of cataract surgery. It results from an increased permeability of perifoveal capillaries and disruption of the blood-ocular barrier, allowing for the formation of cystoid spaces in the Henle fiber layer and outer plexiform layers to absorb and hold fluid. Fluid collection places mechanical stress on the Müller cells, which manifest as decreased central vision and scotoma in the patient.
Endophthalmitis[1][7]
Endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery involving microorganisms that gain entry into the eye. Risk factors for the development of endophthalmitis include rupture of the posterior capsule or the need for anterior vitrectomy during the procedure, age greater than 85 years, presence of blepharitis, poor eyelid hygiene, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and male sex.[8] Higher rates of endophthalmitis were found in patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction, compared to extracapsular cataract extraction. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common infectious organism, since it is native to the eyelid, skin, and conjunctiva and can seed the eye during the procedure.
Vitreous/suprachoroidal hemorrhage
Hemorrhage is a sight-threatening complication that is often associated with incisional intraocular surgery. Risk factors determined for hemorrhage include myopia, glaucoma, diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and hypertension.
Retinal tears/detachment[9]
Retinal detachment is considered a delayed complication of cataract surgery. Those who have highly myopic eyes or a history of retinopathy of prematurity, and who develop early cataracts are at an increased risk of retinal detachment following surgery. Retinal detachment risk is also increased in patients who have received YAG laser capsulotomy following surgery and development of PCO.
Lens dislocation[10]
Although rare, IOL dislocation is another principal complication following cataract surgery. Improvements in the foldable IOL design have decreased the incidence of postoperative dislocation. Inadequate capsular support is the main cause of lens dislocation and typically occurs early in the postoperative period. However, late, “in-the-bag” dislocations can occur from progressive zonular dehiscence many months after uncomplicated surgery. Management involves IOL repositioning with or without scleral fixation sutures, or replacement with an anterior chamber IOL.
Management
Management of the complications follows the medical guidelines for the management of the injury and illnesses listed above in the setting without cataract surgery involvement. The main area of management is in prevention of complications. However, in the setting of a ruptured posterior capsule, surgical measures are taken not only to complete the case but also to minimize trauma to the retina. An anterior vitrectomy may be required to manage vitreous prolapse while preserving the remaining capsule for lens implantation. Assistance from a retina specialist may be required. A posterior chamber intraocular lens may no longer be feasible for the patient, but other options include a capsule-supported sulcus IOL, anterior chamber IOL, or an iris-sutured or scleral-sutured sulcus IOL.[6] New research has also looked into the prevention of endophthalmitis with an intracameral injection of cefuroxime or moxifloxacin following a cataract procedure.[11] New technology continues to innovate surgical procedures that can further improve safety and prevention measures for surgical complications.
Additional Resources
- https://eyewiki.org/Endophthalmitis_Following_Cataract_Surgery%3A_Prophylaxis_and_Treatment
- https://eyewiki.aao.org/Cataract#Surgical_Treatment
- https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-cataract-surgery
- https://eyewiki.aao.org/High_Myopia_and_Cataract_Surgery
- https://eyewiki.aao.org/Posterior_capsule_opacification
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Stein, JD. Serious adverse events after cataract surgery. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2012; 23(3): 219-225. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283524068
- ↑ Gaskin GL, Pershing S, Cole TS, Shah NH. Predictive modeling of risk factors and complications of cataract surgery. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016; 26(4):328-337. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000706
- ↑ Astbury N, Nyamai LA. Detecting and managing complications in cataract patients. Community Eye Health. 2016; 29(94):27-29. PMCID: PMC5100470
- ↑ Wormstone IM, Wang L, Liu CS. Posterior capsule opacification. Experimental Eye Research. 2009; 88(2): 257-269. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.016.
- ↑ Zare M, et. al. Risk factors for posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss during phacoemulsification. Ophthalmic and Vision Research. 2009; 4(4): 208-212.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 Henderson BA, Pineda R, Chen SH. Essentials of Cataract Surgery. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2014.
- ↑ Yorsteon D. Cataract complications. Community Eye Health. 2008; 21(65):1-3. PMCID: PMC2377378
- ↑ Hatch WV, Cernat G, Wong D, Devenyi R, Bell CM. Risk factors for acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Mar;116(3):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.039. Epub 2008 Dec 16. PMID: 19091417.
- ↑ Jacobs DS. UpToDate.com. Cataract in adults.
- ↑ Kim SS, Smiddy WE, Feuer W, Shi W. Management of Dislocated Intraocular Lenses. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1699-1704. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.04.016.
- ↑ Daien V, et. al. Effectiveness and Safety of an Intracameral Injection of Cefuroxime for the Prevention of Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery With or Without Perioperative Capsular Rupture. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2016 2016;134(7):810-816.
