Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
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Disease Entity
Background
Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a rare, noninfectious complication of refractive surgery that occurs in the early post-operative period. It is characterized by inflammatory infiltrates beneath the corneal flap interface. The characteristic accumulation of fine white infiltrates manifests clinically as a grainy corneal opacification that has led some to describe the condition as “sands of Sahara syndrome”.
Clinical Presentation
The characteristic clinical presentation in DLK develops 1 to 2 days following refractive surgery and typically resolves 5-8 days after the initiation of appropriate therapy [1]. The post-surgical corneal opacification that accompanies DLK is typically nonlocalized and subepithelial[2][3].
DLK is divided into four stages according to the extent of corneal involvement.
- Stage 1 typically arises 1-2 days after refractive surgery. It is characterized by peripheral inflammatory infiltrates without central corneal involvement.
- Stage 2 typically arises on postoperative days 3-4 when inflammatory cells begin migrating from the periphery into the central cornea often comprising visual acuity.
- Stage 3 is characterized by further centripetal migration of inflammatory cells and the development of permanent corneal scarring. Stage 3 is often referred to as the “threshold” DLK subtype because of the likelihood that eyes in this stage of DLK will develop permanent scarring and resultant loss of visual acuity.
- Stage 4 describes the phase in which stromal melting and further corneal scarring occur. The significant epithelial destruction that ensues during this phase often results in a hyperopic shift.
Etiology
The exact pathophysiology of DLK remains uncertain[4]. The accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates within the areas of surgical manipulation has led some investigators to postulate that manipulation of the corneal surface may instigate the inflammatory changes that characterize DLK. In fact, the presence of an epithelial defect following a LASIK procedure places the patient at a 24-times greater risk of developing DLK when compared to normal controls[5].
Intraoperative exposure to inflammatory instigators such as red blood cells, fine sponge fibers, or meibomian gland secretions have also been suggested as playing a role in disrupting corneal epithelial cells during the development of DLK [4]. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the exact mechanism underlying the development of DLK.
Epidemiology
DLK affects between 2-4% of patients undergoing LASIK surgery[6].
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Patients with DLK often exhibit pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and blurry vision.
Differential Diagnosis
- Central Toxic Keratopathy
- Infectious keratitis
- Interface fluid
- Corneal haze secondary to increased IOP
- Superficial punctuate keratitis
- Epithelial ingrowth
- Trauma
Management
Given its inflammatory nature, all stages of DLK typically respond well to corticosteroid therapy. In certain cases irrigation beneath the flap followed by flap repositioning can remove subepithelial infiltrates and minimize complications associated with the condition.
References
- ↑ Messmer JJ.LASIK: a primer for family physicians. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 1;81(1):42-7.
- ↑ Smith RJ, Maloney RK. Diffuse lamellar keratitis. A new syndrome in lamellar refractive surgery. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1721-6.
- ↑ Hadden OB, McGhee CN, Morris AT, et al. Outbreak of diffuse lamellar keratitis caused by marking-pen toxicity. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008;34:1121-4.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Davis EA, Fahmy AM. Stage III diffuse lamellar keratitis following conductive keratoplasty over a LASIK flap. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009 Jun;35(6):1141-3.
- ↑ Shah MN, Misra M, Wilhelmus KR, Koch DD. Diffuse lamellar keratitis associated with epithelial defects after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26:1312–1318.
- ↑ Azar DT, Koch DD. LASIK: Fundamentals, Surgical Techniques,and Complications. Refractive surgery, 1. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003.
