Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia

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Article initiated by:
G. Conner Nix
All contributors:
Brian T. Fowler, MD, Stephen C. Dryden, M.D., Michael T Yen, MD, Joseph Giacometti, MD
Assigned editor:
Joseph Giacometti, MD
Review:
Assigned status Up to Date
 by Joseph Giacometti, MD on September 4, 2024.


Disease Entity

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), or Masson’s tumor

Disease

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, also known as Masson’s tumor, is a benign intravascular lesion that can mimic other benign lesions and even some malignancies.[1] First described in 1923 by French pathologist Pierre Masson as “vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma,” IPEH most commonly presents in subcutaneous tissue as a small, firm lesion with a bluish color; it can gradually increase in size and may also be tender to palpation.[2] [3] This lesion is uncommon, with approximately 200 case studies reported in the literature. Even fewer cases, specifically 24 across 16 unique publications, have been described involving lesions of the orbit, periorbital area, or ocular adnexa.[3][4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Two additional case reports describe intracranial lesions near the superior orbital fissure that presented with symptoms of cranial nerve compression.[19] [20] Despite the benign nature of IPEH, it can have a significant impact on health depending on where in the body it occurs.[21] [22] [23]

Epidemiology

IPEH typically presents in adulthood, but lacks a strong predilection for age, race, or sex.[11] A small number of childhood cases has been reported.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

IPEH can occur as a primary vascular lesion, or it can be superimposed on a preexisting malformation.[24] It is classified into one of three types based on etiology:

  • Type I: the primary form, also known as the “pure” form, arising in a dilated vessel
  • Type II: the most common type, also known as the “mixed” form; occurs in association with a thrombus in the setting of a preexisting lesion, e.g. within a hemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, pyogenic granuloma, or varix
  • Type III: the very rare extravascular form, occurring in a hematoma usually after trauma

[9][11][16][25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]

Overall, the pathogenesis of IPEH remains ill-defined. Various authors suggest that it is either a primary, reactive endothelial proliferation with secondary thrombosis, or thrombosis with secondary reactive endothelial proliferation.[15] It may represent an unusual variant of thrombus organization, and in some cases it may be associated with preceding trauma.[3][28] [29] [30] There is no known pattern of inheritance.

General Manifestations

Systemic Manifestations

IPEH occurs most commonly in skin and soft tissue, usually in the head, neck, and extremities.[15] One report estimated that it accounts for approximately 2% of vascular tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.[30]

IPEH has been rarely observed in the oral cavity.[26] Extremely rare involvement has been reported in various organs, including the kidney[31], bone[32], heart[22], liver[33], knee joint[34], genitalia[21], urethra[35], spine[36], and brain.[37]

Ocular Manifestations

Ocular manifestations of IPEH are uncommon, and mostly involve lesions of the eyelid and periorbital area. More rarely, lesions within the orbit have been observed[15].

Diagnosis

The definitive diagnosis of IPEH must be made by biopsy and histologic examination. Clinical manifestations vary with different organ involvement.[26]

Clinical Presentation

Most cases of IPEH develop within the vasculature of the deep dermis or subcutaneous tissue, sometimes preceded by trauma, to present as a benign, firm, painless, reddish-purple vascular tumor.[15] In some cases, the lesion may grow slowly, be tender to palpation[3], or be multi-lobulated.[26]

Ocular Findings

Ocular symptoms of IPEH can manifest acutely or insidiously.[11] When ocular involvement occurs, patients may present with orbital pain, proptosis, decreased visual acuity, ptosis, restricted extraocular muscle movement, optic disc edema, diplopia, conjunctival injection, eyelid swelling, ectropion, and sensory deficit secondary to nerve compression.[11] [12] [15] [16] [17]

Exceedingly rare intracranial IPEH has presented with ocular findings. A 1992 case report by Patt et al discusses a 27-year-old female with an IPEH lesion at the left superior orbital fissure. The patient presented with headache and abducens nerve palsy, and her symptoms resolved completely after surgical excision. Similarly, a 2005 case report by Ohshima et al discusses a 41-year-old female with an IPEH lesion at the left superior orbital fissure. The patient presented with a 1-year history of progressive abducens nerve palsy and facial sensory loss; half of her lesion was resected surgically for biopsy, and the remaining tumor was successfully treated with gamma knife radiosurgery with no recurrence at 2 years post-op.

Diagnostic Procedures

Diagnostic procedures include:

  • Biopsy and histopathologic examination: crucial to diagnosis. Typical histologic characteristics of IPEH include intravascular papillae composed of connective tissue, covered in endothelial cells, with a variable amount of thrombus present.[3][15] Diagnosis of IPEH is complicated by microscopic similarities to angiosarcoma. However, unlike many malignancies, IPEH is entirely intraluminal and does not erode the vascular wall or invade adjacent tissues. IPEH occurs in close association with an organized thrombus.[1] Furthermore, IPEH does not feature tissue necrosis or malignant cytological features.[9] [11]
  • Cytology: to evaluate for possible malignancy, since IPEH classically mimics angiosarcoma
  • Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) to detect lesions; radiographic images may be indicated when, in rare instances, bone or joint involvement is suspected

Note: Because immunohistochemistry fails to differentiate IPEH from angiosarcoma, it is not recommended in diagnosis.[25]

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for IPEH includes[1][3][26]:

  • Angiosarcoma
  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • Pyogenic granuloma
  • Pleomorphic adenoma
  • Mucocele
  • Hemangioma
  • Thrombosed vein
  • Traumatic fibroma
  • Lacrimal sac mass
  • Nevus

Management

General treatment

The preferred treatment for IPEH is complete surgical excision.[1] Other approaches, including gamma knife radiosurgery and chemotherapy in cases of incompletely excised or multiple intracranial lesions, have been successful in a limited number of documented cases.[11][20]

Prognosis and Complications

The prognosis for patients with IPEH is generally quite good. However, depending on the location of the lesion, quality of life can be significantly diminished by complications of delayed treatment. For example, a 2012 case report by Fasina et al reports a 14-year-old male who had progressively worsening right proptosis beginning shortly after birth. After successful excision of the responsible orbital IPEH lesion, he suffered persistent proptosis, loss of visual acuity, and impairment of ocular motility. This case suggests that early diagnosis and treatment of orbital, periorbital, intracranial, and other lesions may help prevent irreversible deficits.

Recurrence

Recurrences of IPEH have been reported in cases of incomplete surgical excision.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Noyan CA, Melahat D, Serap G, et al. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: histomorphological and immunohistochemical features. Diagn Pathol. 2013; 8: 167. Published online 2013 Oct 14. doi: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-167
  2. ↑ Steffen C. The man behind the eponym: C. L. Pierre Masson. Am J Dermatopathol. 2003 Feb;25(1):71-6.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Barras C, Olver JM, Cole C, Seet JE. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) mimicking a lacrimal sac mass. Eye (Lond). 2001 Oct;15(Pt 5):685-7.
  4. ↑ Weber FL, Babel J. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981 Jan;65(1):18-22.
  5. ↑ Wolter JR, Lewis RG. Endovascular hemangioendothelioma of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol 1974;78:727–9.
  6. ↑ Sorenson RL, Spencer WH, Stewart WB, Miller WW, Kleinhenz RJ. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983 Nov;101(11):1728-30.
  7. ↑ Font RL, Wheeler TM, Boniuk M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the orbit and ocular adnexa. A report of five cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983 Nov;101(11):1731-6.
  8. ↑ Werner MS, Hornblass A, Reifler DM, Dresner SC, Harrison W. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: collection of four cases and a review of the literature. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Mar;13(1):48-56. Review.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr, Diniz W. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia with presumed bilateral orbital varices. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Sep;117(9):1247-9.
  10. ↑ Schulze S, Hoerle S, Koop G, Barth PJ, Huegens-Penzel M, Strempel I. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia - a rare finding in the orbital region. Ophthalmologica. 2008;222(3):213-5. doi: 10.1159/000126086. Epub 2008 May 22.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Wagh VB, Kyprianou I, Burns J, Brown LJ, Vaidhyanath R, Sampath R. Periorbital Masson's tumor: a case series. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 May-Jun;27(3):e55-7. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181e978f4.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Aggarwal E, Madge SN, Rodgers N, Selva D. Compressive effects of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Mar-Apr;26(2):122-4. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181b8e0e9.
  13. ↑ Herwig MC, Wabbels B, Holz FG, Loeffler KU. [Subcutaneous tumour in an adolescent]. Ophthalmologe. 2010 Jul;107(7):668-71. doi: 10.1007/s00347-010-2134-7. German.
  14. ↑ Zakka FR, Jakobiec FA, Thakker MM. Eyelid varix with phlebolith formation, thrombus recanalization, and early intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jan-Feb;27(1):e8-11. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181d8e13c.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Fasina O, Adeoye A, Akang E. Orbital intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in a Nigerian child: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2012 Sep 13;6:300.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Koktekir BE, Basham R, Vagefi R, Kersten RC. Masson tumor in the eyelid. J Craniofac Surg. 2014 Jul;25(4):1529-30. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000570.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Nguyen CT, McKelvie P, Hardy TG. Subacute presentation of eyebrow intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia causing ophthalmic nerve compression. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015 Apr;43(3):285-8. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12406. Epub 2014 Sep 20.
  18. ↑ Kakhandaki A, Dinesh US, Akash B. Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia as an unusual diagnosis for peri-orbital tumour - A case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan;66(1):163-165. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_645_17.
  19. ↑ Patt S, Kaden B, Stoltenburg-Didinger G. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia at the fissura orbitalis superior: a case report. Clin Neuropathol. 1992 May-Jun;11(3):128-30.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Ohshima T, Ogura K, Nakayashiki N, Tachibana E. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia at the superior orbital fissure: report of a case successfully treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. Surg Neurol. 2005 Sep;64(3):266-9; discussion 269. Review.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Yanev K, Krastanov A, Georgiev M, Tonev A, Timev A, Elenkov A. A Case of Masson's Tumor of the Penis Presenting as Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Urol J. 2018 Jul 10;15(4):217-219. doi: 10.22037/uj.v0i0.3884.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Safa R, Garcia R, Delius R, Kaur G, Youssef L, Poulik J, Shehata BM. Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia in the Coronary Artery: An Unusual Cause of Massive Myocardial Infarction in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2019 May 14:1-7. doi: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1613704. [Epub ahead of print]
  23. ↑ Park JY, Chung-Park M, Snow M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of superior vena cava: a rare cause of the superior vena cava syndrome. Thorax. 1991 Apr;46(4):272-3.
  24. ↑ Kuo T, Sayers CP, Rosai J. Masson's "vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma:" a lesion often mistaken for angiosarcoma: study of seventeen cases located in the skin and soft tissues. Cancer. 1976 Sep;38(3):1227-36.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Forcucci JA, Bruner ET, Smith MT. Benign soft tissue lesions that may mimic malignancy. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2016 Jan;33(1):50-9. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Milhan NV, Torcuato LC, Costa V, De Marco AC. A mixed form of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Dermatology Online Journal. 2018 Jan 1;24:2.
  27. ↑ Hashimoto H, Daimaru Y, Enjoji M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A clinicopathologic study of 91 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 1983 Dec;5(6):539-46.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Tosios K, Koutlas IG, Papanicolaou SI. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the oral soft tissues: report of 18 cases and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Dec;52(12):1263-8.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Kikuchi K, Fujinami M, Yoshida N, Ide F, Sakashita H, Kusama K. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the oral cavity. J Oral Sci. 2011 Dec;53(4):475-80.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Amérigo J, Berry CL. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1980;387(1):81-90.
  31. ↑ Essid MA, Bouzouita A, Blel A, Gharbi M, Chakroun M, Ben Miled A, Ayed H, Cherif M, Ben Slama MR, Derouiche A, Chebil M. Masson's tumor of the kidney: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2018 Dec 22;12(1):376. doi: 10.1186/s13256-018-1898-2.
  32. ↑ Tang K, Sun W, Lin J, Wang L. Multiple Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia of Bone Mimicking Malignancy on 99mTc-MDP Bone Scan and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2019 Mar;44(3):e151-e153. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002364.
  33. ↑ Ramallo Solís I, Tinoco González J, Senent Boza A, Bernal Bellido C, Gómez Bravo MÁ. Intrahepatic Masson tumor (intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia). Cir Esp. 2017 Apr;95(4):235-237. doi: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2016.07.009. Epub 2016 Nov 15. Spanish.
  34. ↑ Pountos I, Siddiqui A. Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia (Masson's Tumor) Involving the Knee Synovium. J Orthop Case Rep. 2018 Mar-Apr;8(2):23-25. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1032.
  35. ↑ Abdal K DDS, MS, Hafezi Ahmadi M MS. Masson's Hemangioma of the Urethra: A Case Report. Iran J Med Sci. 2018 May;43(3):336-339.
  36. ↑ Oktar N, M Ozer H, Demirtas E. Spinal intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Case report and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg. 2019 Apr 9:1-3. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1597832. [Epub ahead of print]
  37. ↑ Salaud C, Loussouarn D, Buffenoir K, Riem T. Masson's tumor revealed by an intracerebral hematoma. Case report and a review of the literature. Neurochirurgie. 2017 Sep;63(4):327-329. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2016.10.015. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
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