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{{Infobox disease | Name = Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis | Image = AA0 4059.jpg | Alt = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. | Caption = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. © 2019 American Academy of Ophthalmology <ref>American Academy of Ophthalmology. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. https://www.aao.org/image/epidemic-keratoconjunctivitis-2 Accessed June 28, 2019.</ref> | ICD9 ={{ICD9|077.1}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|30|0|}} }} = Diagnostic Code = * 2012 ICD-9-CM 077.1 Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis * 2015 ICD-10-CM B30.0 Keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus = Background = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly contagious viral conjunctivitis. <ref>Adenovirus-Associated Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis Outbreaks – Four States, 2008-2010, Weekly, August 16, 2013, 62(32);637-641, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6232a1.htm</ref> <ref name=":2">Bawazeer, Ahmed. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. Medscape. March 20, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192751-overview#a0101</ref> It is caused by a group of viruses known as adenoviruses that in addition to infections of the ocular surface, are responsible for causing infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system illnesses such as the common cold virus, for example. <ref>Adenoviruses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 27, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/index.html</ref> <ref name=":4">Jin X, Ishiko H, Ha NT, et al. Molecular epidemiology of adenoviral conjunctivitis in Hanoi, Vietnam. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 142:1064-6.</ref> <ref name=":5">Kinchington PR, Romanowski EG, Gordon YJ. Prospects for adenoviral antivirals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005; 55:424-9.</ref> The adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37 are often associated with EKC. <ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/> Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is a membrane that covers the sclera and inside of the eyelids. The inflammation results in a pink or red coloration of the eye hence the disease being commonly referred to as “pink eye”. <ref name=":6">Boyd, Kierstan. Conjunctivitis: What is Pink Eye? eyeSmart, American Academy of Ophthalmology. February 1, 2014. http://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis</ref> = Signs and Symptoms = '''Ocular signs/symptoms''' * Conjunctival hyperemia/erythema (redness) of bulbar conjunctiva [[#Figure1|(Fig. 1-4)]] * Conjunctival hyperemia/erythema (redness) of palpebral conjunctiva [[#Figure5|(Fig. 5-7)]] * Ocular itchiness and irritation * Chemosis (conjunctival edema) [[#Figure1|(Fig. 1-4)]] * Photophobia * Epiphora (excessive tearing) [[#Figure1|(Fig. 1-2)]] * Foreign body sensation * Blurred vision/loss of visual acuity * Eyelid swelling * Follicular reaction [[#Figure5|(Fig. 5 and 6)]] * Clear or yellow discharge from the eye(s) * Epithelial keratitis '''Systemic signs/symptoms:''' * Lymphadenopathy (swollen nymph nodes, specifically the preauricular lymph nodes)[[#Figure8|(Fig. 8)]] * Fever * Headache * Fatigue In more than half of cases the symptoms may progress to other eye, though the symptoms may be milder for the other eye. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":8">Meyer-Rüsenberg, Birthe et al. “Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis: The Current Situation and Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment.” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 108.27 (2011): 475–480. PMC. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147286/</ref> The development of corneal inflammation, keratitis, distinguishes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis from other forms of conjunctivitis and usually arises after the fourth day after the initial onset of symptoms. <ref name=":6"/> This can progress to focal epithelial keratitis and the resulting lesions can last for up to two weeks. After this time period, subepithelial infiltrates (which are thought to be related to the immune response) can form beneath the lesions. These can persist for years and may cause a reduction in visual acuity. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":9">Pihos, Andria. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: A review of current concepts in management. Journal of Optometry: Peer-reviewed journal of the Spanish General Council of Optometry. Vol 06. Num 02. April 2013-June 2013.http://www.journalofoptometry.org/en/epidemic-keratoconjunctivitis-a-review-of/articulo/90197282/</ref> <ref name=":10">McKenzie, Mark & Whitley, Walt. A Closer Look at Corneal Inflammation. Review of Cornea & Contact Lenses. November 15, 2012. http://www.reviewofcontactlenses.com/content/d/irregular_cornea/c/37560/</ref> Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis can also develop membranous or pseudomembranous conjunctivitis in the more severe cases and cause scarring of the conjunctiva and symblepharon formation, where the eyelid adheres to the cornea. <ref name=":2"/><ref>symblepharon. (n.d.) Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. (2009). Retrieved February 15 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/symblepharon</ref> = Clinical Photographs = [[File:EKC_pic_1.jpg|Figure 1: Epiphora, chemosis and diffuse erythema of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 1: Epiphora, chemosis and diffuse erythema of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:EKC_pic_2.jpg|Figure 2: Epiphora, chemosis and diffuse erythema of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, shown under higher magnification; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 2: Epiphora, chemosis and diffuse erythema of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, shown under higher magnification; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_3.jpg|Figure 3: Erythema and chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view of temporal portion of conjunctiva as patients looks nasally; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 3: Erythema and chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view of temporal portion of conjunctiva as patients looks nasally; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_4.jpg|Figure 4: Erythema and chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view of nasal portion of conjunctiva as patients looks temporally; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 4: Erythema and chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view of nasal portion of conjunctiva as patients looks temporally; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_5.jpg|Figure 5: Follicular reaction of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, upper eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 5: Follicular reaction of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, upper eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_6.jpg|Figure 6: Follicular reaction of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view with upper eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 6: Follicular reaction of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view with upper eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_7.jpg|Figure 7: Erythema of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view with lower eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department.]] Figure 7: Erythema of the palpebral conjunctiva in a patient with EKC, view with lower eyelid everted; Clinical photograph captured courtesy of the UNC Ophthalmic Imaging Department. [[File:Ekc_pic_8.jpg|Figure 8: Palpable preauricular lymph node (area between arrows) in a patient with EKC, view of de-identified left face; Clinical photograph captured courtesy Dr. Couser by permission from patient.]] Figure 8: Palpable preauricular lymph node (area between arrows) in a patient with EKC, view of de-identified left face; Clinical photograph captured courtesy Dr. Couser by permission from patient. = Diagnosis = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is usually diagnosed based on history and a physical examination, looking for the known signs and symptoms. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":12">Azari AA, Barney NP. Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA. 2013;310(16):1721-1730. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1758756</ref> Physical examination is conducted using a slit lamp, however a penlight can suffice when a slit lamp is not available. <ref name=":12"/> These methods can lead to an inaccurate diagnosis however; as it has been shown that the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis tend to be nonspecific and make it difficult to pinpoint the exact cause or type of the disease. <ref name=":12"/> The type of discharge is one of the main features used to differentiate among the types of conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis tends to have a watery discharge, while bacterial conjunctivitis will tend to have discharge with pus, though as noted this is not a guarantee of the type of conjunctivitis. <ref name=":12"/> Of the testing methods available, the most commonly used are cell culture and immune assays. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another method that has been shown to be more accurate than cell culture and immunoassay combination. These diagnostic methods are however expensive and not readily available to most outpatient settings. <ref name=":9"/> == In Office Point of Care Testing == The RPS Adeno Detector (Rapid Pathogen Screening, AD1) was FDA approved in 2006 as a point-of-care antigen-based immunoassay for diagnosing adenovirus infections <ref>Sambursky, Robert, et al. The RPS adeno detector for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. ''Ophthalmology'' 113.10 (2006): 1758-1764.</ref>. The AdenoPlus is the enhanced second-generation device by RPS and was FDA approved in 2012 and delivers a result in 10 minutes. The AdenoPlus uses direct sampling of tears and micro-filtration technology to improve sensitivity. In 2013, Sambursky et al <ref>Sambursky, Robert, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a point-of-care matrix metalloproteinase 9 immunoassay for diagnosing inflammation related to dry eye. ''JAMA ophthalmology'' 131.1 (2013): 24-28. </ref> published the results of a prospective, sequential, masked, multi center clinical trial of 128 patients with clinically diagnosed adenoviral conjunctivitis to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the AdenoPlus with CC-IFA and PCR. The study demonstrated that the AdenoPlus had a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 96%, respectively compared to CC-IFA, and of 85% and 98%, respectively, compared to PCR. The sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 98%, respectively, compared with both CC-IFA and PCR. In 2015, Kam et al <ref>Kam, KY Ronald, et al. "Sensitivity and specificity of the AdenoPlus point-of-care system in detecting adenovirus in conjunctivitis patients at an ophthalmic emergency department: a diagnostic accuracy study." ''British Journal of Ophthalmology'' (2015): bjophthalmol-2014.</ref> also reported a high specificity with AdenoPlus but a much lower sensitivity than had been previously published (39.5% versus PCR). The authors concluded that PCR is a more sensitive test and, therefore, the use of the AdenoPlus should be limited to diagnostically challenging cases. === Advantages of in office testing for adenovirus === Given the highly contagious nature of adenoviral conjunctivitis, a delay in diagnosis can lead to unnecessary isolation or empiric antibacterial or antiviral therapy <ref name=":12"/>. As the AdenoPlus detects the presence of viral particles, the results may correlate with disease infectivity and, thus, allow patients a speedier return to school and work when the virus is no longer detectable. In a cost-effectiveness study, utilization of the RPS Adeno Detector was shown to save $429.4 million and avoid 1.1 million cases of inappropriate antibiotic use .<ref>Udeh, Belinda L., John E. Schneider, and Robert L. Ohsfeldt. "Cost effectiveness of a point-of-care test for adenoviral conjunctivitis." ''The American journal of the medical sciences'' 336.3 (2008): 254-264.</ref> In addition, the ability to confirm adenoviral infection might allow the study and use of novel therapies for adenoviral infections such as ganciclovir, povidone iodine, N-chlorotaurine, and cyclosporine A. <ref>Tabbara KF, et al. Ganciclovir effects in adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Poster B253. Presented at ARVO; Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 2001.</ref> <ref>Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:681-8  </ref> <ref>Yoon J, Jekle A, Najafi R, et al. Virucidal mechanism of action of NVC-422, a novel antimicrobial drug for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Antiviral Res. 2011;92(3):470-478. </ref> <ref>Romanowski EG, Pless P, Yates KA, et al. Topical cyclosporine A inhibits subepithelial immune infiltrates but also promotes viral shedding in experimental adenovirus models. Cornea 2005;24:86-91 </ref> = Treatment = *Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis usually resolves on its own and there is no effective treatment. Antiviral medications have not been shown to be effective against viral conjunctivitis, especially the adenoviruses responsible for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. <ref name=":8"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":12"/>Topical corticosteroids are often prescribed in severe cases and while they do assist in reducing symptoms related to inflammation they do not have any significant impact on speeding up recovery time. <ref name=":9"/>Some studies have in fact shown that the use of corticosteroids may in fact increase the duration of disease by inhibiting removal of the adenovirus by the immune system and improving the replication of the virus. <ref name=":8"/><ref name=":9"/> *Other methods focus on providing relief from symptoms. These include cold compresses, artificial tears, and topical cycloplegic medications to alleviate significant complaints of photophobia. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":7">Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. New South Wales Health. July 1, 2012. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/Epidemic-Keratoconjunctivitis.aspx</ref><ref name=":9"/><ref name=":12"/> *Povidone-iodine is a disinfectant and antiseptic agent that could potentially offer an effective treatment. More studies are necessary to evaluate its use in the treatment of this condition. <ref>Grzybowski A, et al. The use of povidone-iodine in ophthalmology - Review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2018 29 (1), 19-32 PMID 28984794 </ref> <ref>Pepose JS, et al. Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Trial of Povidone-Iodine/Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension for Treatment of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis Am J Ophthalmol 194, 7-15 2018 - Clinical Trial. PMID 29787732</ref> = Epidemiology/Prevention = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease and given that no effective treatment yet exists, prevention is the best method to tackle the disease. The virus can be spread by contact with infected surfaces or objects. A patient can spread the disease by touching or rubbing their eyes and then touching another object. Objects that come into contact with the eyes (such as cosmetics) should not be shared or allowed into contact with others. <ref name=":9"/> A person can be contagious for two weeks or more after first showing symptoms and this should be taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to return to work or school. <ref name=":9"/> The physician's office or hospital setting is often the point of origin for many EKC outbreaks and prevention measures should be exercised thoroughly in these locations. These include steps such as using disposable instruments and tools, employing gloves, and using disposable covers for instruments that cannot be disposed of routinely. <ref name=":9"/> Guidelines on how to clean instruments (such as tonometers) do vary. Studies have shown differing effectiveness in cleaning agents such as hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl alcohol in their ability to eliminate adenovirus. It has been suggested that the instrument manufacturer’s cleaning protocols should be followed given the lack of universal guidelines. <ref name=":9"/> = Additional Resources = * Pogoreic, Deanna. “This company turned technology used to detect explosives into a rapid test for viral pink eye”. Medcity News. October 24, 2012. http://medcitynews.com/2012/10/this-company-turned-technology-used-for-detecting-explosives-into-a-rapid-test-for-viral-pink-eye/ * About Adenoplus. Rapid Pathogen Screening, Inc. http://www.rpsdetectors.com/in/products/adenoplus/about/product-info/ = References = <references />
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